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\u66fe\u7ecf\u63d0\u51fa\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8457\u540d\u72b9\u592a\u88d4\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u8d5b\u4e9a\u67cf\u6797\uff08Isaiah Berlin\uff09\u4fbf\u636e\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u591a\u5143\u8bba\u3002\u5c31\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u5373\u4e0d\u53d7\u5e72\u6d89\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6bd4\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5373\u65e8\u5728\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u6d88\u706d\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u53ea\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u5f52\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u4ecb\u5165\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u7ed3\u3002\u4f38\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u65e0\u62d8\u675f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4f1a\u5371\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Social democracy\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5206\u6b67\u80cc\u540e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u53f3\u6d3e\u8f83\u591a\u662f\u4e2d\u4e0a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u5de6\u6d3e\u8f83\u591a\u662f\u4e2d\u4e0b\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4f55\u4ee5\u5728\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bcc\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u8f83\u652f\u6301\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u4e0a\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5171\u548c\u515a\u6216\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\uff0c\u800c\u7a77\u4eba\u6216\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\u4f1a\u8f83\u503e\u5411\u652f\u6301\u5de6\u6d3e\u653f\u515a\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u515a\u6216\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u897f\u5317\u6b27\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7531\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u6709\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\u5373\u8d2b\u5bcc\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u79cd\u5b9e\u9645\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a77\u4eba\u6216\u5f31\u8005\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4fbf\u9700\u8981\u7b2c\u4e09\u52bf\u529b\u5373\u653f\u5e9c\u4ecb\u5165\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u52ab\u5bcc\u6d4e\u8d2b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7406\u7531\u4e5f\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u529e\u4e8b\u5c31\u8981\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u8981\u529e\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e8b\u5c31\u8981\u5f81\u7528\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d44\u6e90\u901a\u5e38\u5c31\u662f\u591a\u5f81\u5bcc\u4eba\u7a0e\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u7a0e\u3001\u9057\u4ea7\u7a0e\u7b49\u3002\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5bcc\u8005\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u5f81\u592a\u591a\u7684\u7a0e\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5171\u548c\u515a\u8f83\u503e\u5411\u51cf\u7a0e\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5219\u503e\u5411\u589e\u7a0e\uff0c\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u4fbf\u6709\u9636\u7ea7\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5de6\u6d3e\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u672c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u96be\u884c\u4f7f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u81f4\u6210\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u5c31\u4e1a\u7b49\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u8bf8\u591a\u6709\u5f62\u65e0\u5f62\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u800c\u6b67\u89c6\u4e5f\u4e0e\u8d2b\u7a77\u4e00\u6837\u53ef\u6015\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u8d2b\u7a77\u4e0e\u6b67\u89c6\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d2b\u7a77\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u624d\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u6b67\u89c6\u4fbf\u7b49\u4e8e\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4ece\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u5f81\u7a0e\u5c31\u662f\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u4e2d\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u662f\u795e\u5723\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u52a8\u4e0d\u52a8\u5c31\u589e\u7a0e\u7b49\u4e8e\u6253\u62a2\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5bb9\u5fcd\u7684\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fdb\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u201c\u52ab\u5bcc\u201d\u4e5f\u4f1a\u949d\u5316\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u521b\u5bcc\u521b\u4e1a\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u949d\u5316\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u7978\u53ca\u7a77\u4eba\uff0c\u4f7f\u7a77\u4eba\u66f4\u96be\u7ffb\u8eab\uff0c\u66f4\u4f55\u51b5\uff0c\u5bf9\u7a77\u4eba\u592a\u6148\u60b2\u662f\u597d\u5fc3\u505a\u574f\u4e8b\uff0c\u517b\u6210\u7a77\u4eba\u5f31\u8005\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u62d6\u57ae\u653f\u5e9c\u8d22\u653f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7ea6\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u662f\u8981\u7a77\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60\u81ea\u7acb\u81ea\u5f3a\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u63f4\u52a9\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u662f\u4e00\u4e16\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5965\u80af\uff08Arthur M. Okun\uff09\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u300a\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u6548\u7387\u300b\uff08Equality and Efficiency\uff09\u7684\u6210\u540d\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u6548\u7387\u662f\u4e24\u96be\u5168\uff0c\u8981\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4f1a\u635f\u53ca\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u800c\u91cd\u6548\u7387\u5219\u4f1a\u635f\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u636e\u6b64\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u5c31\u5f97\u8d70\u6548\u7387\u4f18\u5148\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6548\u7387\u4f18\u5148\u624d\u80fd\u521b\u544a\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0e\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0e\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u591f\u591a\uff0c\u7a77\u4eba\u3001\u5f31\u8005\u4fbf\u4f1a\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u6cbe\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u597d\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u6ef4\u6d41\u8bba\uff08Trickle down theory\uff09\uff0c\u8bf4\u5f97\u901a\u4fd7\u4e9b\u5c31\u662f\u6c34\u6da8\u8239\u9ad8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5de6\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c34\u6da8\u4e86\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8239\u90fd\u4f1a\u968f\u8457\u9ad8\u6da8\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8239\u662f\u9ad8\u6da8\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5219\u7ffb\u8239\u4e86\uff0c\u541b\u4e0d\u89c1\u8d2b\u5bcc\u4e0d\u5747\u5df2\u6210\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u8fde\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bba\u575b\u4e5f\u628a\u8d2b\u5bcc\u4e0d\u5747\u5217\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u91cd\u5927\u4e3b\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u571f\u8457\u4e0e\u975e\u571f\u8457\u77db\u76fe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 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