\u8bc4\u8bba: \u5b59\u548c\u58f0<\/p>\n
\u636e\u77e5\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u4e16\u754c\u6709230\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7ea6120\u4e2a\u53ef\u79f0\u4e3a\u9009\u4e3e\u578b\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\uff08Electoral Democracy\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5747\u662f\u540d\u7b26\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5982\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e26\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u6837\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5982\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba\u667a\u5e93\u4fbf\u75285\u6a19\u51c6\u6765\u628a\u5404\u56fd\u5206\u4e3a\uff1a\u5b8c\u6574\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6df7\u5408\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb64\u5927\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd95\u6a19\u51c6\u4e3a\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u6a19\u51c6\uff0c\u57282012\u5e74\u5927\u9a6c\u88ab\u5f52\u4e3a\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u6392\u540d\u7b2c64\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u6df7\u5408\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u6392\u540d\u7b2c81\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u5370\u5c3c\uff0853\uff09\u4e0e\u9999\u6e2f\uff0863\uff09\u4e5f\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u4fc3\u6210\u5f53\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b<\/strong><\/p>\n \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u53e6\u7c7b\u6a19\u51c6\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4f1a\u6709\u51fa\u5165\uff0c\u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\u4e5f\u53ef\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u76847\u4e2a\u6a19\u51c6\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6216\u6c11\u4e3b\u6307\u6570\uff0c\u5373\u6c11\u9009\u7684\u653f\u52a1\u5b98\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u53c2\u9009\u6743\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u666e\u9009\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u53d6\u5f97\u5404\u79cd\u8baf\u606f\u7684\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e3b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e0d\u8bba\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u6a19\u51c6\uff0c\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u653f\u52a1\u5b98\u662f\u6c11\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7686\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u800c\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u867d\u8bf4\u662f\u8001\u677f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u6c11\uff0c\u53ef\u4e26\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u53c2\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u51b3\u7b56\u800c\u662f\u900f\u8fc7\u4ee3\u8bae\u58eb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u610f\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4e3a\u6c11\u4f5c\u4e3b\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u8bae\u58eb\u8bae\u4e8b\u7684\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u8bae\u4f1a\u6216\u79f0\u4e3a\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u5927\u9a6c\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5c42\u6b21\u79f0\u4e3a\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e24\u9662\u5236\u3002\u5728\u5dde\u5c42\u6b21\u5219\u79f0\u4e3a\u5dde\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9662\u5236\u3002\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u8bae\u6848\u79f0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6848\uff08Act\uff09\uff0c\u5dde\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u79f0\u4e3a\u5dde\u6cd5\u6848\uff08Enactment\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n \u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u6545\u5f53\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e5f\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3a\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u82e5\u65e0\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\uff0c\u4fbf\u65e0\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\uff0c\u4fbf\u6ca1\u6709\u5f53\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9e\u4e3a\u8bae\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u540d\u7b26\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u6c11\u6cbb\uff08By the People\uff09\u3002\u8fdb\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e4b\u6cbb\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u884c\u82f1\u56fd\u5f0f\u8bae\u4f1a\u5167\u9601\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u5927\u9a6c\u4e0e\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u591a\u662f\u6a61\u76ae\u56fe\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n \u4ece\u6cd5\u7406\u4e0a\u8a00\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8bae\u5458\u662f\u6c11\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u6545\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff08\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u6c11\uff09\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u8bae\u4f1a\u5e94\u662f\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u53ea\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u53ef\u8bf4\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u53ef\u505a\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u6545\u6709\u8bae\u4f1a\u81f3\u4e0a\u4e4b\u79f0\uff08Parliamentary Supremacy\uff09\uff1b\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5927\u9a6c\u5374\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u81f3\u4e0a\uff08Constitutional Supremacy\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\u4fee\u6cd5\u5e9f\u6cd5\u7b49\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d85\u8d8a\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u6709\u5173\u9a6c\u6765\u4eba\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u8bed\u4e3a\u56fd\u8bed\u3001\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u56fd\u4f1a\u7ecf\u8fc72\/3\u8bae\u5458\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f97\u518d\u53d6\u5f97\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u65b9\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n \u5143\u9996\u4eab\u6709\u914c\u60c5\u6743<\/strong><\/p>\n \u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5b9e\u5219\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e1971\u5e74\u4fee\u6b63\u4e861948\u5e74\u717d\u52a8\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u8fde\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a0e\u8bba\u654f\u611f\u8bfe\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u571f\u8457\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n \u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u867d\u8bf4\u4eba\u6c11\u662f\u4e3b\uff0c\u662f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u53ef\u5927\u9a6c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e26\u6ca1\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u773c\u3002\u6211\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u4e3a\u6211\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u9996\u957f\uff08Head of State\uff0c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u5143\u9996\u540e\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5982\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c39\u6761\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u653f\u6743\u843d\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u884c\u4f7f\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1b\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u5f97\u4f9d\u4ece\u5167\u9601\u6216\u5167\u9601\u53d7\u6743\u8005\u7684\u8aeb\u8bae\u884c\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n 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\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u5e94\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u9664\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u745e\u58eb\u7b49\u5c11\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u5916\uff0c\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u53ef\u8bf4\u540d\u5b58\u5b9e\u4ea1\u3002\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u5167\u9601\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u5927\u9a6c\uff0c\u5728\u4f53\u5236\u4e0a\u5b9e\u4e3a\u8bae\u884c\u5408\u4e00\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8bae\u884c\u5206\u7acb\u56fd\uff08\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u4e0e\u56fd\u4f1a\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u8861\u4e0e\u90e8\u4efd\u6743\u529b\u5171\u6709\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n \u5927\u9a6c\u9996\u76f8\u653f\u5e9c\u5f3a\u52bf<\/strong><\/p>\n 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